Religion and Science
Bhikkhu P. A. Payutto
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From common beginnings to
separation
It is commonly asserted
that religion arose from the fear of danger, particularly natural dangers,
such as lightning, floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and
hurricanes. These dangers have threatened human beings throughout the
ages. Ancient man, ignorant of the workings of nature, could not
understand the causes of these natural forces. Terrified at the threat
they presented, he began to search for answers. This quest precipitated an
interest in the nature that surrounded man, and a desire to find some
solutions to his problems.
This awareness of danger
is the common origin of both religion and science. The desire for security
was the motivating force for the birth of religion. Together with the fear
of danger arose a sense of wonder at the marvels of nature, which led to
the desire to know its truths. This was no idle curiosity: human beings
were forced to find out about nature in order to address the dangers which
threatened them. Thus the aspiration to be free of danger, which was based
on fear, indirectly led to the desire to know nature's truths, which gave
birth to science. Religion was born from the desire to escape danger, and
science was born from the desire to know nature's truths.
History tells us that the
earliest forms of scientific research, in such cultures as in Egypt and
Mesopotamia, were in fact conducted by priests. They were the first people
to take an interest in nature and to devote time to finding solutions to
the dangers that threatened them.
However, the common
origin of science and religion is also the point at which they parted. The
reason they parted lies within the nature of truth itself. The natural
dangers which threaten humanity are immediate concerns, matters of life
and death. The threat is tangible and urgent. Do what you will, we must
have an answer right now. Because all people are faced equally with the
same dangers, answers must be relevant to the whole of society. In such a
situation, it is necessary to come up with answers which can be acted upon
immediately, answers which put an end to the urgent demands for security.
When an answer appears that is acceptable, it is institutionalized as
religion.
The practical answers thus
provided may take forms, such as mystic ceremonies, which to the modern
eye would seem absurd, but even so, they are something which can be acted
upon immediately. For the mainstream of society, this is what becomes
religion.
Now there are others who
take the time to gradually collect facts, experiment and analyze. These
people, through observation and experiment, arrive at a different set of
answers. This is what is known as "science," the knowledge that comes from
gradual and systematic observation.
Here religion and science
diverge. One answer serves as a remedy for an immediate need, for the
masses, and, relying heavily on faith and belief, lacks systematic
observation. This is religion. Religion, then, is tied to faith. Science,
on the other hand, is a discipline of gradual and systematic
investigation. It is not concerned with finding immediate answers, and is
available only to the few who are so inclined, not the whole of society.
The systematic observation of natural facts has been carried on through
the ages by interested parties, and the resulting institution has become
known as "science."
At this juncture we have
one clear distinction between religion and science: religion is for the
masses, whereas science is for a select few. It may be questioned how
religion manages to maintain uniformity in the letter and the practice of
its teachings. This is achieved through faith. Religion has its roots in
faith, and uses faith to preserve its teaching. Religion provides an
unchanging belief system, a dogma, which must be adhered to and upheld,
one that is unquestionable.
Science is accessible to
those who are capable of understanding it, the thinkers. Its essence is
preserved through verifiable truths and valid methods of experimentation.
Science thus preserves and propagates its truths through wisdom, or, more
specifically, the scientific method.
Religion seeks to convey
an all-embracing, absolute truth, an answer which addresses an immediate
need. It might be more accurate to say that the answer thus provided is
what becomes known as religion, rather than that religion provides the
answer. There is no institution of religion, as such, which comes up with
these answers. It is rather that the answers proposed by humanity have
become institutionalized as religion.
In one sense, religion
seeks to provide one absolute answer to the fundamental questions of life,
covering all levels, from the highest to the lowest. Science, on the other
hand, attempts to observe truth from its individual manifestations, piece
by piece. It is a collection of piecemeal facts which are hoped will
gradually lead to an overall picture.
Even though science, too,
wants general principles, its general principles are conditional. They are
confined to specific situations and conditions, and are only part of the
overall, or fundamental, truth. We could say that religion gives a total
answer, science a piecemeal one.
Owing to the limitations
of both science and religion, there arose a third group which, too,
aspired to find answers to the fundamental questions of life and the
universe. They were dissatisfied with religion because, although it gave
such an answer, it was not one that appealed to reason. Science, on the
other hand, although providing answers that were verifiable and appealed
to reason, had not yet come up with any absolute answers. Scientific
research had still not reached the fundamental level of reality. This
third group did not want to wait for science's answers, so they attempted
to find answers to those fundamental questions through reasoned analysis,
without the need for verification. This system of thought became another
science, known as philosophy.
We could compare these
three disciplines, using the fundamental questions of nature as a
measuring stick, in this way:
1. Science: is still in
the process of verification and observation and is yet to come up with an
answer.
2. Philosophy: attempts
to give an answer pending verification by using reasoned analysis.
3. Religion: provides an
absolute answer which needs no verification.
Both science and
philosophy appeared after religion, and both attempt to give clearer
answers. However, both of them fail to give answers that are satisfactory
and fulfilling for everyday life, and that is why religion still exists
and answers a need through faith.
Because religion offers
this comprehensive and immediate truth, an answer that is suitable for the
masses, but which at the same time is not verifiable through any of the
five senses, it must hinge on faith. And because these answers are
unverified, they will be constantly changing. At one time one kind of
answer is given: people don't know whether it is true or not, because it
can't be verified. If they believe it they accept it. At a later time a
new answer is given. Nobody knows whether this new answer is true or not
either -- it, too, can't be verified. It boils down to preference. Some
prefer the older belief, some the newer one. Religions, built as they are
on faith, vary in accordance with that faith. For this reason we can see
at any one time many different religions. This is because an
all-embracing, absolute answer cannot be verified, it rests on belief.
When a new answer arises there may be some who believe that, but others
won't, and all the answers are equally unverifiable.
In contrast, science
answers slowly and methodically, verifying each point as it goes. It
solves problems rationally. At any given time there is only one science.
It is often said, "There are many religions, but only one science."
However, from a historical perspective it can be said that there are many
sciences, because science doesn't give a total view of truth. Theories
about the nature of the universe vary from time to time. For example, at
one time science favored the Ptolemaic universe, which portrayed an
earth-centered model. Then came the Copernican System, with the
heliocentric solar system, and then there were the Cartesian and Newtonian
systems, and now we have the universe of the new physics. Science's
picture of reality has been constantly changing. Nature, or the universe,
according to the modern theories of physics, whether the quantum or
relativity theories, is completely different from the universe in the time
of Newton. In this sense there have been many sciences.
It is not only from the
historical perspective that there have been many sciences. In the present
age there also seem to be many sciences existing together. There are
scientists who now say that the time has come for science to reappraise
some of its basic premises. They reject some of the old scientific
premises and talk of a "new physics" and a "new science."
Science deals with the
outside world, which is measured by the five senses. Here religion differs
yet again. It not only looks at the outside world, but also the human
being, the one who is observing. While science concerns itself solely with
the objects of observation, religion concerns itself with the observer,
the one who is using these five sense bases. Thus, religion is not
confined to data observable through the five senses, but is directly
related to the level of development of each individual. The way religion
is perceived is directly related to the level of mental development of the
perceiver, which gives it an added level of complexity.
In any case, as far as
religion goes, even though it lays emphasis on the human being, it does so
only insofar as the human being is experiencing a problem, and that
problem needs to be dealt with. When looking for the causes of that
problem, however, most religions look, like science, to the external
environment. In this respect, most religions are similar to science: they
look to the external natural world as the source of problems or suffering.
Religion's search for
truth is in order to solve the human problem, while science's search for
truth is in order to satisfy the thirst for knowledge. For most religions,
which are compelled to have ready answers, the causes of problems, whether
internal or external, are seen as existing behind that natural world, in
the form of spirits, deities, gods or other supernatural forces. For
external disturbances, such as lightning, earthquakes and so on,
sacrifices and prayers are prescribed. For internal disturbances, such as
sickness, mental disease or hysteria, mediums or spirit healers perform
mystic ceremonies. Meanwhile science, not being compelled to find any
immediate remedies, slowly and systematically goes about its search for
data.
The natural religions,
Buddhism in particular, have a special interest in the human condition,
but they do not see the source of problems entirely in the external world.
Buddhism looks for the source of problems within the entire process of
causes and conditions -- including those within the human being, such as
wrong ways of thinking -- be they internal or external, material or
immaterial, physical or mental.
Among ordinary religions,
there are many that teach the treatment of problems by appropriate means,
through morality or ethics, which seems to indicate an understanding of
the internal factors contributing to them, but this is not necessarily the
case. In fact, such practice is often done not with real understanding of
these factors, but out of obedience to some external, supernatural force.
The relationship is one between mankind and an external power. Ethical
behavior in these religions is usually done in order to avoid punishment,
or to gain favors or blessings, rather than through awareness of the
factors occurring in the natural processes.
Religions, many and varied
at the one time, address the needs of different levels of people. At any
one time society consists of many different levels of virtue and
understanding, thus the need for many religions, answering many different
levels of need.
In the past, scientific
truths were verifiable through the five senses, but this is no longer the
case. With the passage of time it has become necessary to develop
instruments, such as the telescope and the microscope, to extend the
capabilities of these senses. Nowadays even those instruments have reached
their limits, making it necessary to develop even more complex instruments
and test hypotheses with mathematics. Mathematical languages and computers
are the newest instruments of verification.
Science's development of
increasingly complex means of verification has caused it to become a
highly specialized field, accessible to very few people. It has become
impossible for the average man to observe the truths of science, because
the instruments are not available to him.
Religion, on the other
hand, belongs to the masses. It is available for the average man, who is
free to accept or reject it without the need for proof. Although it is
true that some religions, like science, reserve their truths for a select
few, the priests or monks, and even reserve the right to spiritual
attainments, this is more a result of manipulations by certain individuals
than the nature of religions themselves. In the natural religions, such as
Buddhism, there is no such distinction or exclusion, because nature is its
own master. How can truth be monopolized? Each individual has a right to
understand and attain the truths of nature, depending on intelligence and
discernment.
Note that there are two
kinds of inability to verify truths. One is through an inability to access
the instruments of verification, while the other is because such truths
cannot be verified through the means being used. In the present time
science is experiencing problems on both counts, especially when
attempting to make a statement of ultimate truth, or delving into the
realm of the mind.
If the scope of science is
not broadened, it will arrive at a dead end. In science there is a very
strong aspiration to answer the fundamental and ultimate questions of the
universe, but we never seem to get near them. Just as scientific research
seems to be getting on the verge of an answer, the truth seems to slip
beyond reach once more.
A clarity that is not
free of confusion
In addition to the new
science and the classical science, or the new physics and the classical
physics, we have one science for the specialists and one for the average
man. Many of the concepts spoken of in science are completely beyond the
ability of the average man to visualize. Not only can he not verify them
for himself, he can't even grasp the concepts in question. And this
applies not only to the average man: some of the concepts of science are
even beyond the ability of most scientists to visualize! One can only take
their word for it.
Let us take an example.
According to science, light is at once a wave and a particle. Scientists
were trying to define the nature of light itself: it's a particle, right?
One group said, "Yes, that's right. It's a particle, a stream of photons."
But another group said, "No, light is a wave." In the end it seems that it
is both a particle and a wave. But what's that? It has to be proven with
mathematics. This kind of thing is beyond the grasp of the ordinary human
mind.
Let's look at some more
examples: astronomers tell us that there are black holes scattered
throughout the universe. These are stars with such extremely high
gravitational pulls that even light cannot escape them, they are
absolutely dark. Now what does the average man make of that? Something
that even light cannot escape from?! Now they say that in these black
holes both matter and energy are compacted to such terrific densities that
nothing on this earth of ours can compare. As an illustration, they say
that if all the empty space were somehow pressed out of a skyscraper, like
the Empire State Building, 102 stories high, its mass and energy could be
compacted into the size of a needle! A skyscraper! Now what is the man in
the street going to make of that?
Scientists say that this
is how a black hole is. In fact it's even stranger, because, apart from
being the size of a needle, at the same time it would still weigh as much
as the original Empire State Building. It's inconceivable -- all we can do
is believe them. We've trusted the scientists for so long, we give them
the benefit of the doubt. But deep inside we're all wondering, "Huh? How
is that possible?"
Science is not yet able
to provide an explanation of the totality of life and the world, it is
still engaged in the process of collecting and verifying pieces of data.
It can still not explain many of the basic questions of the universe, such
as the nature, or even existence, of the basic particle.
Science has gone beyond
the point where it can be proven with the five senses. Hypotheses are
proven through mathematics, which is then interpreted by physicists. The
truth is reduced to algebraic equations, which are not in themselves the
truth, and don't really clarify the truth in a convincing way.
Mathematical symbols have become the new objects of faith. They are
interpreted without a direct awareness of reality, which is very nearly
the condition that Sir Arthur Eddington spoke of. Sir Arthur Eddington was
an English scientist, credited with being the first person to devise a way
to prove Einstein's Theory of Relativity, on account of which he was
knighted. He said:
"Science is incapable of
leading mankind directly to the truth, or reality as such, it can only
lead him to a shadow world of symbols."[2]
Even observable phenomena
are not a certainty. Scientists use the scientific method as a means of
testing their observations. The main factors of this method are
observation and experiment, which must be done until there is no longer
room for doubt. But, even then, the matter is not closed, because of the
limitations of the experimental method and the instruments used.
Let's take as an example
Newton's Law of Gravitation. This was a universally accepted truth, a Law,
until Einstein came along and said it was not entirely correct. On the
subatomic level, the Law of Gravity no longer applies. In Newton's time,
however, there were no instruments to observe the subatomic level. Mankind
had to wait until the twentieth century and the arrival of Einstein, using
mathematical equations and reasoning, to perceive this truth. So we must
be careful. You cannot ultimately believe even experimentation.
I am reminded of the story
of the chicken and Farmer Brown. Every morning that the chicken sees
Farmer Brown, Farmer Brown is carrying some food for him. He sees this
every single morning, so it follows that whenever he sees Farmer Brown the
chicken gets fed. Chicken sees Farmer Brown = gets fed ... this is the
equation. But there comes a morning when the chicken sees Farmer Brown and
doesn't get fed, because Farmer Brown isn't carrying food in his hand,
he's carrying a knife. The equation "Chicken sees Farmer Brown = gets fed"
becomes "Chicken sees Farmer Brown = gets throat cut." So it seems that
even verification based on repeated observation cannot be completely
trusted, it's still not a foregone conclusion.
Towards a unity of science
and religion
Science is of little
direct use to the masses. The function through which science should really
help the people is in the field of understanding, but the role it in
effect plays is by and large through technology, which does not improve
understanding by any means. In what direction does technology assist
humanity? Mostly in consumption, often nourishing greed, aversion, or
delusion. Television is invented, and so we are able to watch that. But
when people watch television they don't look at things which are going to
increase their understanding and intelligence, they prefer to look at
things which make them more indulgent and heedless. We have communications
technology, but rather than using it for developing wisdom and
discernment, it is too often used to encourage delusion.
Science takes no
responsibility for the uses its knowledge is put to, leaving technology to
help the masses. Technology, however, doesn't always help; sometimes it is
downright harmful. As I said, instead of becoming a tool to create
benefit, it becomes a tool for seeking personal gain. Thus, science leaves
the people in the hands of religion. Who can you blame? One may ask, "Why
does religion make people so gullible?" but then it can be countered, "Why
does science abandon the people to religion?"
Very few people have
access to the more profound levels of science. All most people can do is
believe it, they can't really know it. Nowadays science has become more
and more a matter of faith, not knowledge, which puts it on much the same
standing as most religions.
When science is finally
able to arrive at the truth, to answer mankind's ultimate questions, it
will be perfected. Many religions will no longer be sustainable.
Conversely, a religion which points to the highest truth, to reality, will
be in a position to unify with science. At that time science and religion
will have reached another meeting point, their last one, where religion
becomes science and science becomes religion, the division between the two
gone forever.
Too little, too late
The real-life problems in
society are in need of an immediate answer or remedy -- now, in this
present life. As individuals we are only on this earth for a limited time.
The situations threatening us give no time for procrastination.
Even though science is
capable of providing many efficient ways of answering our problems, it is
hampered by being "too little, too late." By being "too little," I mean
that the knowledge of science is insufficient to solve the fundamental
problems of life. It cannot make people good, it cannot make them happy,
it cannot show them how to rectify bad habits, it cannot heal suffering,
sadness, anger, sorrow, depression and so on. It can't even solve social
problems.
Scientists may counter
that science has helped in many ways. People with insomnia, depression and
mental problems are all helped by drugs. Science is of great benefit in
these areas. It must be conceded that applied science and technology in
the medical fields have helped vast numbers of people. People with severe
mental problems are indeed helped to some degree by science, and
scientists may even believe that in the future it will be possible to make
people happy through the use of drugs. Whenever you feel unhappy, just pop
a capsule and the suffering is gone ... but this is no longer medicine, it
is hedonism. Scientists may conduct research into the nature of the brain,
ascertain which particular chemicals are secreted when certain emotions,
such as happiness, are experienced, isolate the chemical agent and
synthesize it. Then, whenever people have a feeling of depression or
sadness, they can take this drug and be immediately relieved. With
chemicals like this as freely available as food, people will always be
happy, and never again have to experience depression.
But then again, reflecting
on the dangers of chemicals, there are enough problems in the world
already with food additives and pesticides, without adding any more.
However, this is not the most important point. Even more important is the
perspective of values, or quality of life. The objective of religion is to
lead people to freedom. Freedom means the ability to be happy without the
need for external agents, to be more and more independently happy and less
and less dependent on externals, to develop a life free of enslavement to
a mass of external trappings. But the use of drugs forces people to lay
their happiness and their fate more and more into the hands of externals,
making them less and less able to live with themselves.
In causing people to
depend increasingly on externals, science is not unlike the ancient
religions, which led people to invest their fate in the gods with
sacrifices and supplications. In both cases, the happiness and suffering
of human beings is offered up into the hands of external agents, and in
essence they equally destroy man's independence.
This is what I mean by
"too little." Science on its own is not capable of solving mankind's
problems. To use Buddhist terminology, we could say that science and
technology do not encourage people to have good behavior (sila), do not
encourage quality in the mind, or inner well-being (samadhi) and they
suffer from "funnel vision," in that they seek to amass data, but they do
not provide us with the knowledge of how to lead a happy life (pañña).[*]
The second objection to
science is that it is "too late." Scientific truth is not whole or
complete, it is not yet able to give us definitive and final answers, and
there is no indication of when it will be able to do so. Scientific
knowledge is constantly changing. At one time the truth is thought to be
one way, later on it is found to be otherwise. If we had to sit and wait
for science to come up with a final answer to the nature of the universe,
we would all die first without ever finding out how to conduct our lives.
Scientists are always
looking for a general principle, but they can only arrive at
"sub-principles," only pieces of the overall picture. In the meantime,
while we are waiting for science's explanation of fundamental truth, we
are using it, through technology, to enhance our lives and pander to our
desires. For the moment, it is technology that is actually giving concrete
results rather than science itself. But technology cannot answer mankind's
fundamental questions. For an answer to the truth (or non-truth) of the
natural world, mankind must first rely on religion, using science only for
the convenience offered through technological progress. This is the
situation at the present time.
Religion is still present
in this world because mankind is still waiting for a complete and absolute
answer, one that is right for the situation and which is immediately
practicable. Because such answers cannot be verified, and because science
cannot verify them, most people are forced to resort to belief.
Although science has made
such great advances, all it has done is expand the perceivable limits of
the material world. In terms of answering mankind's fundamental questions
and showing man's proper relationship and position in the world, science
seems to have been running in circles and made no real progress.
Not above blunders
It is not only in the
field of pure science that the problem of mistakes arises from time to
time. Within the field of applied science and technology, mistakes are
common. They are usually not wrongdoings as such, but blunders that arise
out of ignorance, oversight or lack of circumspection.
Take for example the drug
chloramphenicol. At one time this drug was very widespread. It was reputed
to be a wonder drug, it seemed to cure everything. Whenever you were sick,
all you had to do was just go and buy some chloramphenicol, they sold it
everywhere. Later on, after about ten years, it was discovered that this
drug would gradually build up in the body and cause bone marrow to cease
production of blood corpuscles, and many people had died of leukemia.
Then there was the case of
DDT. At one time it was thought that with DDT, our problems with the
insect world were over-ants, mosquitoes ... all gone. People thought that
they could eradicate these creatures and no longer have to be bothered by
them. Many years later it was found that DDT was carcinogenic, an
insidious substance which could prove fatal even to humans. What's more,
while the humans were suffering ill effects from the drug, the insect
population was becoming immune to it. In time it has become less effective
as an insecticide, and is now more likely to kill the human beings. Many
countries have banned the use of DDT, but Thailand is still using it, even
now.
Then there was the case of
thalidomide. Thalidomide was a pain killer and tranquillizer which was
highly praised by the medical profession. It was reputed to have passed
the most rigorous tests, and was trusted so highly that it was announced
as an exceptionally safe drug. It was so lauded that even the developed
countries, which are normally very cautious about drugs and medicines,
allowed the drug to be bought without a prescription. It was sold for
about five years, up until 1961, at which time it was found that this
drug, when taken by pregnant women, caused deformities in babies. Before
the danger was realized and the drug recalled from the market, about 8,000
children were born deformed.
Let's take one more
example, the case of CFC's (chlorofluorocarbons). This group of chemicals
is widely used in refrigerators, air conditioners and "pressure-pack"
spray cans, and they have been used for a long time with complete
confidence. By the time we knew what was going on, these chemicals had
risen up into the upper levels of the atmosphere and caused gaps in the
ozone layer, causing great concern among scientists and environmentalists
the world over. And so a new piece of knowledge arises -- what we thought
was a good thing turns out to be not so good after all.
The emergence and
development of science has undoubtedly helped to improve understanding and
the human intellect, about this there is no argument. But at the same
time, if we look closely we will see that it has also caused human
intelligence and understanding to decline. Previously, when science was
just beginning to develop, people were very impressed with its
achievements. There was a great deal of excitement over the discoveries
and technological achievements of science, and people put all their hopes
into science and technology. All of nature's mysteries were going to be
revealed, and science would lead humanity into an age of perfect
happiness. Those who wholeheartedly trusted science began to doubt
religions and the answers provided by them, and many people lost faith
entirely and discarded religion.
Unfortunately, the truth
dealt with by science is only a partial one. It deals only with the
physical world. Science has no answers to the questions dealing with
internal human problems, the answers for which mankind had previously
turned to religion. This renunciation of religion in modern times would
not be such a big loss if by religion we simply meant the institutional
forms of religion, but it means that the part of religion which deals with
solving internal human problems has also been discarded. With science
taking no interest in these matters, and people ignoring them, there
arises a break in the stream of knowledge. The answers which had
previously been provided by religions have been ignored, and mankind's
mental and spiritual growth has been retarded and even, in some areas,
gone into decline.
The nature of the world,
life and human problems, will not allow mankind to ignore the need for
religion. Fundamental, practical and immediate answers are still as much
in demand as ever before. When science is seen to be incapable of
providing an answer to this need, and when human beings tire of their
fascination with science, they may come to their senses and remember this
fundamental need within. They may then turn once more to religion for
their answers. But because the stream of mental development has been
interrupted, or set back, their searching will be very erratic, and a
fresh start may have to be made. Indications of this can be seen in some
of the religious developments in highly developed countries, where there
has been a persistence of religious superstition and gullibility in spite
of being surrounded by a high level of scientific sophistication.
However that may be,
science is not without its merits and blessings in leading to better
understanding within religious circles. The active role religion,
especially in its institutional forms, has taken on occasion in
suppressing the development of human intelligence is well known. Some
religions have clung blindly to absurd beliefs and practices, even in the
face of their own fundamental principles.
The development of science
and its attitudes and methods has had some measure of good influence on
religions and religious attitudes in society. At the very least, it has
prodded religions to reevaluate some of their teachings and attitudes. It
has also served as a gauge with which to appraise the answers offered by
different religions.
However, from the point of
view of the masses, especially in countries in which outlooks and methods
have been heavily influenced by science, science does not seem to have had
a significantly beneficial effect on life-styles and mental well-being.
Science itself is of not much interest to most people. While they look at
science favorably, their belief in it is really no different from the
beliefs of former generations in magical forces and the occult. It is
naive, not based on knowledge. This is "scientism." When most people think
of science, they look straight past it at technology, which they look on
as a means for gratifying their desires. For that reason, the development
of science has had little ennobling influence on the knowledge,
understanding, or attitudes of society.
On the brighter side,
people seem to be getting over their excitement about science and are
beginning to look at their needs in relation to religion. Many religions
are addressing these needs on different levels. At the same time, some
members of scientific circles are becoming aware of the limitations of
orthodox science, and are expanding the horizons of their research to
include more religious perspectives, which suggests the possibility of a
fully-developed science merging with a fully-developed religion, together
to lead humanity to reality, peace, and a life free of foolish
attachments.
On the other hand, it may
be that science is trying to prove what religion has already predicted.
While humanity cannot wait for an answer, we must provide one of some
kind, and this answer has become religion. As long as the answer is not
proven, we must accept it, while science slowly and methodically tests it
out. In this scenario, science is that effort on the part of humanity to
prove the truths (or non-truths) of religion. Looking at it in this way,
the two fields harmonize; having arisen from a common origin, they
eventually merge once more.
As time goes on, the
limits of the scientific method will once again be felt. Science will be
unable to prove the truths presented by religion. A number of leading
scientists are now beginning to realize that this final, ultimate truth
spoken of by religion is beyond the reach of science at any point in time.
Footnotes:
2. Sir Arthur Stanley
Eddington, The Nature of the Physical World (New York: Macmillan, 1929),
p.282. [Back to text]
[*] Sila, samadhi and
pañña, or moral restraint, concentration and wisdom, are the threefold
foundation of Buddhist training. [Back to text]
-oOo-
[Taken from Bhikkhu P. A.
Payutto., Toward Sustainable Science, A Buddhist Look at Trends in
Scientific Development. (Bangkok: Buddhadhamma Foundation, 1993), pp.
27-52].
-oOo-
Sincere thanks to
Ti.nh Tue^. for transcription of this article.
Source:
http://www.buddhismtoday.com
---o0o---
Update: 01-09-2003